Damfarar Yanar Gizo: Yadda Abun ya Fara da Yadda Yake a halin Yanzu.

 Tahirin yadda irin waɗannan damfare-damfare ba zai cika ba ba tare kawo tarihin musabbabin faruwarsu ko wanda ya fara ƙirƙiro su ba.

3.1 Ponzi Scheme

A can ƙarni na 19 zuwa na 20 an yi wani mutum mai suna Charles Ponzi a ƙasar Italy, wanda ya zauna a ƙasar America da kuma Canada. An ɗaure Ponzi aƙalla sau uku duk don laifin damfara da rashin dattaku.

3.1.1 Wane ne Ponzi?

Charles Ponzi shi ne ya fara ƙirƙiro da duk waɗannan harkokin damfarar na yanar gizo, wanda ake cewa sai mutum ya saka kuɗi wato “investment” a inda ake masa alƙawarin ninka masa wasu kuɗaɗe. Sun ce mutum ba ya buƙatar ya yi wani aiki, kawai kuɗi zai tura kawai sai dai ya jira a ruɓanya masa abun da ya saka. Irin wannan tsarin damfarar ana ce masa “Ponzi Scheme”, wato “tsarin Ponzi” kamar yadda wannan mutumin ya kasance maƙirƙirinta.

Ponzi ya kasance mayen kuɗi, ya sha alwashin tara kuɗi ta hanyar damfarar mutane da duk wata dama da ya samu. Ya kan ce wa mutane su zuba kuɗaɗensu, shi kuma zai ruɓanya musu bayan ‘yan wasu kwanaki.Ta wannan hanyar Ponzi ya samu maƙudan kuɗaɗe, ya tara dalolin miliyoyi a ƙasar America da Canada inda ya je yawon duniya.

A yadda tarihinsa ya nuna cewa, a hankali a hankali mutane suka cigaba da sanya maƙudan kuɗaɗensu a wannan harkar ta Ponzi sun ɗauka cewa harka ce ta kirki, ashe damfara ce ba komai ba. Ponzi ya sha ɗauri shekara da shekaru a gidan yari daban-daban a ƙasar Canada da America, inda ya shafe aƙalla shekaru 13 a jimlance.

Sai dai ƙarshen wannan mutumin bai yi kyau ba, don daga ƙarshe ya tsiyace, ya makance, daga bisani kuma zuciyarsa ta buga ya mutu.

3.2 Harkar ta ci gaba

Daga harkar damfara ta “Ponzi Scheme” wacce ke ce wa mutum ya sanya kuɗaɗe don a ruɓanya musu ta ci gaba, don wasu shahararrun madamfara sun ci gaba da wannan harkar tsawon lokaci har zuwa wannan ƙarnin a wannan zamanin.

Misali, irin su Bernie Madoff wanda ya ci gaba da harkar Ponzi don tara kuɗaɗe. Madoff ya tara biliyoyin daloli a wannan harkar, don a ƙiyasce ya kan iya kai wa aƙalla $64.8 billion.

Gwamnati ta kama shi da wannan laifi kuma ta gurfanar da shi a gaban kotu, inda aka yanke masa ɗaurin shekaru 150 a gidan yari, sai dai ya mutu a shekarar (2021) bayan shafe shekaru 12 a gidan yarin.

Bayan shi akwai wasu madamfara da dama da suka samu maƙudan kuɗaɗe a irin wannan harkar, kamar su Allen Stanford da Tom Petters da makamantansu.Harkar damfara ta Ponzi ta ci gaba a sassa daban-daban na duniya, har ta zo nan ƙasarmu Nigeria.

A shekarar 2015 wani mutumin ƙasar Russia mai suna Sergei Mavrodi ya gabatar da harkarsa ta damfara mai suna MMM a Nigeria, da Zimbabwe, da Kenya da sauran ƙasashen Africa, har ma da wasu ƙasashe sama da 100. A lokacin da MMM ta zo Nigeria mutane da dama sun yi amanna da ita, don ta zo da sabo salon da suke so na samun kuɗi ba tare da sun sha wahala ba.

Harkar MMM tana ba wa mutane damar su sanya kuɗaɗe a inda take musu alƙawarin ruɓanya musu. Misali, idan mutum ya sanya N100,000 to za a ba shi N150,000 ko fiye da haka bayan wasu ‘yan kwanaki.To amma sai da madamfaran nan suka bari mutane sun sanya kuɗaɗensu, nan take kawai sai su rufe ta.

Babban bankin Nigeria (CBN) ya sha gargadin mutane game da harkar MMM da muƙarrabansa don a guje musu amma mutane sun ƙi yarda. Wasu daga cikin irin waɗannan harkokin sun haɗa da ABCDonor, da Twinkas, da Ultimate Cycler da sauransu.